In earlier work we pioneered the use of programmable commodity graphics hardware boards (GPUs) to accelerate a wide variety of 3D computer tomographic (CT) reconstruction algorithms, achieving speed-ups of 1-2 orders of magnitude without significant loss in reconstruction quality. As part of that effort we developed the RapidCT system which enabled fast, accelerated 3D reconstruction in diagnostic imaging, radio-therapy applications, surgery planning, electron microscopy, and others, at a fraction of the cost of proprietary devices. In more recent work we explore the use of generative adversarial networks and diffusion models for augmenting sparse image collection which synthetic images. We developed a Visual Turing Test that challenges radiologists to identify our synthetic images in a collection of real and synthetic ones, but they no longer can. Our work has high potential to aid in precision medicine and overcome biases toward underrepresented groups.

	Multi-Conditioned Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (mDDPM) for Medical Image Synthesis A Krishna, G Wang, K Mueller International Conference on Image Formation in X-Ray Computed Tomography Bamberg, Germany, August 2024
	Image Factory: A Method for Synthesizing Novel CT Images with Anatomical Guidance A Krishna, S Yenneti, G Wang, K Mueller Medical Physics 51(5), 3464-3479, 2024
	Novel Lung CT Image Synthesis at Full Hounsfield Range with Expert Guided Visual Turing Test A Krishna, S Yenneti, G Wang, K Mueller International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction Stony Brook, NY, July 2023
	Improving CT Image Segmentation Accuracy Using StyleGAN Driven Data Augmentation S Bhosale, A Krishna, G Wang, K. Mueller International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction Stony Brook, NY, July 2023
	Development of Metaverse for Intelligent Healthcare G. Wang, A. Badal, X. Jia, J. Maltz, K. Mueller, K. Myers, C. Niu, M. Vannier, P. Yan, Z. Yu, R. Zeng Nature Machine Intelligence 4, pp. 922–929, 2022
	Anatomy-guided synthesis of novel CT images at full Hounsfield range A. Krishna, G. Wang, K Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference Milano, Italy, November 5-11, 2022
	Noise Entangled GAN For Low-Dose CT Simulation C. Niu, G. Wang, P. Yan, J. Hahn, Y. Lai, X. Jia, A. Krishna, K. Mueller, A. Badal, K. Myers, R. Zen International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction Leuven, Belgium, July 2021. (shortlisted for best oral award)
	Image Synthesis for Data Augmentation in Medical CT using Deep Reinforcement Learning A. Krishna, K. Bartake, C. Niu, G. Wang, Y. Lai, X. Jia, K. Mueller International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction Leuven, Belgium, July 2021. (shortlisted for best oral award)
	Interpreting Galaxy Deblender GAN from the Discriminator’s Perspective H. Li, Y. Lin, W. Xu, K. Mueller International Symposium on Visual Computing Virtual, October 5-7, 2020.
	Metal Artifact Reduction in X-ray CT via Ray Profile Correction S. Ha, K. Mueller Applied Sciences 10, 66, 2020
	Medical (CT) Image Generation with Style A. Krishna, K. Mueller International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction (Fully3D) Philadelphia, PA, June 2019
	A GPU-Accelerated Multi-Voxel Update Scheme for Iterative Coordinate Descent (ICD) Optimization in Statistical Iterative CT Reconstruction (SIR) S. Ha, K. Mueller IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging 4(3): 355-365, 2018
	Image Reconstruction Is a New Frontier of Machine Learning G. Wang. J. C. Ye, K. Mueller, J. A. Fessler, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 7(6), 1289-1296, 2018
	Metal Artifact Reduction in Cone-Beam X-Ray CT via Ray Profile Correction S. Ha, K. Mueller Extended article to original SPIE Medical Imaging 2016 publication July, 2018
	A Look-Up Table-Based Ray Integration Framework for 2D/3D Forward and Back-projection in X-ray CT S. Ha, K. Mueller IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 37(2): 361-371, 2018
	Low-Dose CT Streak Artifacts Removal using Deep Residual Neural Networks H. Li, K. Mueller Fully 3D Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Xi'an, China, June 2017
	Efficient Area-Based Ray Integration Using Summed Area Tables and Regression Models S. Ha, H. Li, K. Mueller International Conference on Image Formation in X-Ray Computed Tomography Bamberg, Germany, July, 2016
	Metal Artifact Reduction in CT via Ray Profile Correction S. Ha, K. Mueller SPIE Medical Imaging Conference San Diego, CA, February, 2016
	MADR: Metal Artifact Detection and Reduction S. Jaiswal, S. Ha, K. Mueller SPIE Medical Imaging Conference San Diego, CA, February, 2016
	A Study of Sparse Detector Designs with Interpolation for Multi-Slice Spiral CT D. Coelho, K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference, (poster) San Diego, CA, November, 2015.
	An Algorithm to Compute Independent Sets of Voxels for Parallelization of ICD-based Statistical Iterative Reconstruction S. Ha, K. Mueller Fully 3D Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, (oral) Newport, RI, June 2015.
	A Study of Volume Integration Models for Iterative Cone-Beam Computed Tomography S. Ha, A. Kumar, K. Mueller Fully 3D Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, (poster) Newport, RI, June 2015.
	Low Dose CT Image Restoration Using a Database of Image Patches S. Ha, K. Mueller Physics in Medicine and Biology 60(2):869-880, 2015.
	DQS Advisor: A Visual Interface and Knowledge-Based System to Balance Dose, Quality, and Reconstruction Speed in Iterative CT Reconstruction with Application to NLM-Regularization Z. Zheng, E. Papenhausen, K. Mueller Physics in Medicine and Biology 58(21):7857-73, 2013
	Rapid Rabbit: Highly Optimized GPU Accelerated Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction E. Papenhausen, Z. Zheng, K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference Seoul, Korea, November, 2013
	DQS Advisor: a Visual Interface to Balance Dose, Quality and Reconstruction Speed in Iterative CT Z. Zheng, E. Papenhausen, K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference Seoul, Korea, November, 2013
	Low Dose CT Image Restoration Using a Localized Patch Database S. Ha, K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference Seoul, Korea, November, 2013
	VACT: Visualization-Aware CT Reconstruction Z. Zheng, K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference Seoul, Korea, November, 2013
	Cloud X: A Platform as a Service for CT Reconstruction Research and Development E. Papenhausen, Z. Zheng, K. Mueller Fully 3D Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (oral) Lake Tahoe, CA, June 2013
	A Comparative Study of Neighborhood Filters for Artifact Reduction in Iterative Low-Dose CT W. Xu, S. Ha, Z. Zheng, K. Mueller Fully 3D Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (poster) Lake Tahoe, CA, June 2013
	Database-Assisted Low-Dose CT Image Restoration W. Xu, S. Ha, K. Mueller Medical Physics 3(40):031109, 2013
	Creating Optimal Code for GPU-Accelerated CT Reconstruction Using Ant Colony Optimizationn E. Papenhausen, Z. Zheng, K. Mueller Medical Physics  3(40): 031110, 2013
	Detection of Low-Dose CT Reconstruction Artifacts Using a Bi-Modal Approach S. Mahmood, K. Mueller SPIE Medical Imaging Conference Orlando, FL, February, 2013
	GPU-Accelerated Forward and Back-Projections with Spatially Varying Kernels for 3D DIRECT TOF PET Reconstructionn S. Ha, S. Matej, M.Ispiryan, K. Mueller IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 60(1):166-173, 2013
	Effcient Low-Dose CT Artifact Mitigation using an Artifact-Matched Prior Scan W. Xu, K. Mueller Medical Physics  39:4748-4760, 2012
	GPU-Accelerated Forward and Backward Projection with Spatially Varying Kernels in 3D DIRECT TOF PET Reconstruction S. Ha, S. Matej, M.Ispiryan, K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference  Anaheim, CA, October 2012
	Coding Ants: Using Ant Cclony Optimization to Accelerate CT Reconstruction E. Papenhausen, Z. Zheng, K. Mueller Proc. 2nd International Conference on Image Formation in X-ray Computed Tomography (Premium Poster)  Salt Lake City, UT, July 2012
	Searching Effective Parameters for Low-Dose CT Reconstruction by Ant Colony Optimization Z. Zheng, E. Papenhausen, K. Mueller Proc. 2nd International Conference on Image Formation in X-ray Computed Tomography  Salt Lake City, UT, July 2012
	GPU-Accelerated First-Order Scattering Simulation for X-ray CT Image Reconstruction S. Ha, J. Pi, K. Mueller Proc. 2nd International Conference on Image Formation in X-ray Computed Tomography Salt Lake City, UT, July 2012
	Database-Assisted Low-Dose CT Image Restoration W. Xu, S. Ha, K. Mueller Proc. 2nd International Conference on Image Formation in X-ray Computed Tomography (Oral presemtation) Salt Lake City, UT, July 2012
	A Reference Image Database Approach for NLM Filter-Regularized CT Reconstruction W. Xu, K. Mueller Fully 3D Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine  Potsdam, Germany, July, 2011
	GPU-Accelerated Back-Projection Revisited: Squeezing Performance by Careful Tuning E. Papenhausen, Z. Zheng, K. Mueller Workshop on High Performance Image Reconstruction (HPIR)   Potsdam, Germany, July, 2011
	Identifying Sets of Favorable Projections for Few-View Low-Dose Cone-Beam CT Scanning Z. Zheng, K. Mueller Fully 3D Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Potsdam, Germany, July, 2011
	Performance Tuning for CUDA-Accelerated Neighborhood Denoising Filters Z. Zheng, W. Xu, K. Mueller Workshop on High Performance Image Reconstruction (HPIR)  Potsdam, Germany, July, 2011
	Efficiently GPU-Accelerating Long Kernel Projections in 3-D DIRECT TOF PET Reconstruction via a Memory Cache Optimization S. Ha, S. Matej, K. Mueller Workshop on High Performance Image Reconstruction (HPIR) Potsdam, Germany, July, 2011
	Evaluating Popular Non-Linear Image Processing Filters for their Use in Regularized Iterative CT W. Xu, K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference Knoxville, TN, October, 2010
	A Cache-Aware GPU Memory Scheduling Scheme for CT Reconstruction Back-Projection Z. Zheng, K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference Knoxville, TN, October, 2010
	Efficiently GPU-Accelerating Long Kernel Convolutions in 3-D DIRECT TOF PET Reconstruction via a Kernel Decomposition Scheme S. Ha, Z. Zhang, S. Matej, K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference Knoxville, TN, October, 2010
	High-Performance Iterative Electron Tomography Reconstruction with Long-Object Compensation using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) W. Xu, F. Xu, M. Jones, B. Keszthelyi, J. Sedat, D. Agard, K. Mueller Journal of Structural Biology 171(2):142-153, 2010
	Refraction Corrected Transmission Ultrasound Computed Tomography for Application in Breast Imaging S. Li, M. Jackowski, T. Varslot, D. Dione, L. Staib, K. Mueller Medical Physics 37(5):2233-2246, 2010
	On the Efficiency of Iterative Ordered Subset Reconstruction Algorithms for Acceleration on GPUs F. Xu, W. Xu, M. Jones, B. Keszthelyi, J. Sedat, D. Agard, K. Mueller Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 98(3):261-270, 2010 (erratum file)
	GPU-Based Ultrafast IMRT Plan Optimization C. Men, X. Gu, D. Choi, A. Majundar. Z. Zheng, K. Mueller, S. Jiang Physics in Medicine and Biology 54, pp. 6565-6573, 2009
	Optimal Sampling Lattices for High-Fidelity CT Reconstruction F. Xu and K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Comference Orlando, FL, October, 2009
	Learning Effective Parameter Settings for Iterative CT Reconstruction Algorithms W. Xu, K. Mueller Fully 3D Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Beijing, China, September, 2009
	A Performance-Driven Study of Regularization Methods for GPU-Accelerated Iterative CT W. Xu, K. Mueller Workshop on High Performance Image Reconstruction (HPIR) Beijing, China, September, 2009
	Accelerating Regularized Iterative CT Reconstruction on Commodity Graphics Hardware (GPU) W. Xu, K. Mueller IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) Boston, MA, July, 2009
	On the Efficiency of Iterative Ordered Subset Reconstruction Algorithms for Acceleration on GPUs F. Xu, K. Mueller, M. Jones, B. Keszthelyi, J. Sedat, D. Agard MICCAI '08 (Workshop on High-Performance Medical Image Computing & Computer Aided Intervention) New York, NY, September 2008
	Physical-Space Refraction-Corrected Transmission Ultrasound Computed Tomography Made Computationally Practical S. Li, K. Mueller, M. Jackowski, D. Dione, L. Staib MICCAI '08 New York, NY, September 2008 Springer Lecture Notes In Computer Science, vol. 5242, pp. 280-288
	GPU-Acceleration of Attenuation and Scattering Compensation in Emission Computed Tomography F. Xu and K. Mueller 9th Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine '07 High Performance Image Reconstruction Workshop Lindau, Germany, July 2007
	Real-Time 3D Computed Tomographic Reconstruction Using Commodity Graphics Hardware F. Xu and K. Mueller Physics in Medicine and Biology vol. 52, pp. 3405–3419, 2007
	Hardware acceleration vs. algorithmic acceleration: Can GPU-based processing beat complexity optimization for CT? N. Neophytou, F. Xu, and K. Mueller SPIE Medical Imaging '07 San Diego, February 2007
	Why do GPUs work so well for acceleration of CT? K. Mueller, F. Xu, and N. Neophytou SPIE Electronic Imaging '07 (Keynote, Computational Imaging V) San Jose, January 2007
	Fast Marching Method to correct for refraction in ultrasound computed tomography S. Li, K. Mueller, M. Jackowski, D. Dione, and L. Staib IEEE 2006 International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI '06) Arlington, VA, April 2006 pp. 896-899, 2006
	Practical considerations for GPU-accelerated CT K. Mueller and F. Xu IEEE 2006 International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI '06) Arlington, VA, April 2006 pp. 1184-1187, 2006
	A comparative study of popular interpolation and integration methods for use in computed tomography F. Xu and K. Mueller IEEE 2006 International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI '06) Arlington, VA, April 2006 pp. 1252-1255, 2006
	Accelerating Popular Tomographic Reconstruction Algorithms On Commodity PC Graphics Hardware F. Xu and K. Mueller IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 654-663, 2005
	Ultra-Fast 3D Filtered Backprojection on Commodity Graphics Hardware F. Xu and K. Mueller IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI '04) Arlington, VA, April 2004
	Towards a Unified Framework for Rapid Computed Tomography on Commodity GPUs F. Xu and K. Mueller IEEE Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) 2003 Portland, OR, October 2003
	Conceptual design of a proton computed tomography system for applications in proton radiation therapy R. Schulte, V. Bashkirov, T. Li, Z. Liang, K. Mueller,  et al., IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 866-872, 2004
	Reconstruction for Proton Computed Tomography: A Practical Approach K. Mueller, Z. Liang, T. Li, F. Xu, et al. IEEE Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) 2003 Portland, OR, October 2003
	Design of a Proton Computed Tomography System for Applications in Proton Radiation Therapy  R. Schulte, V. Bashkirov, T. Li, J. Liang, K. Mueller, et al. IEEE Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) 2003 Portland, OR, October 2003
	Reconstruction for Proton Computed Tomography: A Monte Carlo Study T. Li, Z. Liang, K. Mueller, et al. IEEE Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) 2003 Portland, OR, October 2003
	Rapid 3D cone-beam reconstruction with the Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) using 2D texture mapping hardware K. Mueller and R. Yagel IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1227-1237, 2000
	Anti-aliased 3D cone-beam reconstruction of low-contrast objects with algebraic methods K. Mueller, R. Yagel, and J.J. Wheller IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 519-537, 1999
	Fast implementations of algebraic methods for the 3D reconstruction from cone-beam data K. Mueller, R. Yagel, and J.J. Wheller IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 538-547, 1999
	On the use of graphics hardware to accelerate algebraic reconstruction methods K. Mueller and R. Yagel 1999 SPIE Medical Imaging Conference, No. 3659-62 San Diego, February 1999
	Fast and accurate three-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam projection data using algebraic methods K. Mueller PhD dissertation, The Ohio State University June, 1998
	A fast and accurate projection algorithm for the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) K. Mueller, R. Yagel, and J.J. Wheller 1998 SPIE Medical Imaging Conference, Vol. SPIE 3336 San Diego, February 1998 pp. 24-732 (won Honorary Mention Award)
	The weighted distance scheme: a globally optimizing projection ordering method for the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) K. Mueller, R. Yagel, and J.F. Cornhill IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 223-230, 1997
	Accelerating the anti-aliased Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) by table-based voxel backward projection K. Mueller, R. Yagel, and J.F. Cornhill EMBS'95 (Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society) Montreal, June 1995 pp. 579-580

Some current projects include the use of programmable commodity graphics hardware (GPUs) to accelerate a wide variety of 3D tomographic reconstruction algorithms. So far we have achieved speedups of 1-2 orders of magnitude (a factor of 10-100), without significant losses in reconstruction quality (see here for more information). Our approach enables rapid 3D reconstruction in diagnostic imaging, radio-therapy applications, surgery planning, electron microscopy, and others, at a fraction of the cost of proprietary hardware. Related projects are the 3D reconstruction from transmission ultrasound, transmission electron microscopy, MV-CT and proton-CT data, projections obtained via mobile X-ray source/detector pairs, and functional imaging applications, including MRI, functional MRI, SPECT, and PET.