# The Stony Brook Algorithm Repository

## INPUT OUTPUT

Input Description: Two graphs, g and h.}

Problem: Find a (all) mappings f of the vertices of g to the vertices of h such that g and h are identical, ie. (x,y) is an edge of g iff (f(x),f(y)) is an edge of h.

Excerpt from The Algorithm Design Manual: Isomorphism is the problem of testing whether two graphs are really the same. Suppose we are given a collection of graphs and must perform some operation on each of them. If we can identify which of the graphs are duplicates, they can be discarded so as to avoid redundant work.

We need some terminology to settle what is meant when we say two graphs are the same. Two labeled graphs G=(V_g,E_g) and H=(V_h,E_h) are identical when (x,y) \in Eg iff (x,y) \in E_h. The isomorphism problem consists of finding a mapping from the vertices of G to H such that they are identical. Such a mapping is called an isomorphism.

Identifying symmetries is another important application of graph isomorphism. A mapping of a graph to itself is called an automorphism, and the collection of automorphisms (its automorphism group) provides a great deal of information about symmetries in the graph. For example, the complete graph K_n has n! automorphisms (any mapping will do), while an arbitrary random graph is likely to have few or perhaps only one, since G is always identical to itself.

## Recommended Books

 Mining Graph Data by D. Cook and L. Holder The Graph Isomorphism Problem: its structural complexity by J. Kobler, U. Schöning, and J. Toran Distances in Graphs by F. Buckley and F. Harary Group-theoretic algorithms and graph isomorphism by C. M. Hoffmann The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms by A. Aho and J. Hopcroft and J. Ullman

## Related Problems

   Generating Graphs   Shape Similarity   Shortest Path   String Matching